The Principle of Avoiding Calumny (Eftera)

Principles

Principle 1: Basis for Establishing the Legal Definition of Calumny (Eftera), Including:

A: False attribution of matters to a specific person or group[1].

B: The attributed matter constituting a crime.

C: Explicit and direct attribution.

D: Existence of intent to cause harm (‘Qasd-e Izrar’) at the time of attribution.

[1]. For an accusation to be considered calumny (Eftera), it must be explicitly attributed to one or more specific individuals.